名词
易用错名词
person 单数
persons 复数（特指具有特定特征的人群;如50名人大代表）
people 复数（指代一群人无具体特征）
peoples 民族
note: 一些词是复数形式，但是是不可数名词
例如: news, economics (谓语动词用单数)
常用可数名词: assignments, enterprises, gifts, breakthroughs, funds, grants
常用不可数名词: competition, support, communication
名词常见后缀
| 后缀 | Examples |
|---|---|
| -tion | situation, introduction, education |
| -ment | apartment, movement, equipment |
| -ship | relationship, leadership, membership |
| -ism | criticism, tourism, enthusiasm |
| -or/er/ar | actor, teacher, scholar |
note: perspective (n. 观点，前途，前景)，produce (v./n. 农产品)
名词复数变化规则
等同于v. + s变化规则
| 名词结构 | 复数变化规则 | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 一般情况 | 在词尾+s | map->maps |
| 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的词 | 在词尾+es | bus->buses |
| 以f或fe结尾的词 | 变f或fe为v再+es | life->lives |
| 以辅音字母+o结尾的词 | 在词尾+es | potato->potatoes |
| 以辅音字母+y结尾的词 | 变y为i再+es | family->families |
元音字母（5个）: A、E、I、O、U
辅音字母（20个）: B、C、D、F、G、H、J、K、L、M、N、P、Q、R、S、T、V、W、X、Z
半元音的Y（1个）：即非元音，Y有时候读/i/和/i:/两种读音，比如单词city、baby等。
专有名词
专有名词首字母大写
专有名词：国家名、人名、活动名称
国家名/地名：Africa(非洲), Germany(德国), Melbourne(墨尔本)
人名：Alistair, Pilkington
活动名称：Olympic, Games
名词修饰词
few (几乎没有) / a few (有一些) / many + 可数n. (可数名词谓语动词用复数)
little / a little / much + 不可数n. (不可数名词谓语动词用单数)
number (修饰可数n.) / amount (修饰不可数n.) / quantity (both n.)
note: number/amount/many本身为可数名词—>例:numbers
例句（可数名词）：
1）A number of apples are red. (主语为apples)
2）The number of apples is 80. (主语为数量number)
例句（不可数名词）：
3）An amount of water is hot. (主语为water)
4）The amount of water is 80L. (主语为amount)
例句（and连接时）：
5）The amounts/quantities of water and juice are 80L and 100L. (主语为amounts/quantities)
考察形式：
eg: a number of 可数名词复数，且表示人, who stood at a long central desk.
代词
常用代词
1）he/she
2）you/I/they/we (note: 写作时用第几人称都可以，不可混搭)
3）it
4）themselves
冠词
常用冠词
a/an: 不定冠词 (an apple: 不知道是哪个苹果)
the: 定冠词 (the apple: 知道是哪个苹果)
note: an + 元音发音名词 （元音发音: 能发出声的）
the + n./adj. （表示一类人）
例：Only the shallow konw themselves. (只有浅薄的人才了解自己)
note: out of the question (表否定: 不可能) / out of question (没问题)
动词
动词前后缀
| 前/后缀 | Example |
|---|---|
| -en | widen, shorten |
| -ze | freeze, realize |
| -fy | notify, verify |
| en- | enlarge, enlighten |
情态动词: can, could, may, might, should, must (其后加动词原形)
写作用法: 主语 (第三人称单数) + v.s 当不知道是否加s时，可改为主语+情态动词+…
例句：Some people believe that television can be harmful to children, saying that it may influence behavior in a negative way.
实义动词
1）及物动词: 可以用被动 （vt. + 宾语）
2）不及物动词: 不可用被动 （vi. + 介词 + 宾语，也可以不加宾语）
note：vt.不可同时加宾语和被动，两者必须选其一加
双宾动词
1）主语 + 谓语 + 人 + 物
2）主语 + 谓语 + 物 + for/to + 人 (for和to区别不大，但强调动作时要用to)
例句: My father buys me a gift.
My father buys a gift for me.
形容词
常用后缀
| 后缀 | Example |
|---|---|
| -ble | capable |
| -tive | distinctive |
| -fic | scientific, specific |
| 特殊 | costly, friendly, likely |
比较级(adj./adv.)
变体原则
1）单音节：原词尾 + er/est (例: big->bigger 发音一次)
2）多音节：more/most + 原词 (例: careful->more careful 发音三次)
| 原形 | 比较级 | 最高级 |
|---|---|---|
| tall | taller | tallest |
| new | newer | newest |
| large | larger | largerest |
| thin | thiner | thinnest |
| healthy | healthier/more healthy | healthiest/most healthy |
| boring | more boring | most boring |
| good | better | best |
| well | better | best |
| bad | worse | worst |
| many | more | most |
| little | less | least |
| far | farther/further(抽象远) | farthest/furthest |
同级比较
1）as + adj./adv.原形 + as
2）the same + n. + as
例句：Johnson was famous as famous in his own times as in ours. (约翰逊在自己时代和我们时代一样出名)
I don’t think I’m on the same wavelength as my tutor. (我认为我和老师不同步)
高一级比较
1）形容词比较级 + than
2）the + 形容词最高级 + 比较范围
例句：I find records are often as good as, or better than an actual performance. (我发现唱片要么和真实表演一样好，要么比实际表演更好)
比较级修饰词
a little/a lot/even/far + 形容词比较级 + than
much/rather/倍数 + 形容词比较级 + than
例句：over 4 times more than (比四倍还多)
Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills far more people each year than automobile accidents. (吸烟对个人健康非常有害，以致每年造成的死亡人数比交通事故多得多)
介词
常用介词: on/in/at
表时间的介词
on + 日子
in + 月份/年份
at + Christmas/work/时间点
表地点的介词
on: 接壤 in: 在里面
on the northest of China 朝鲜
in the northest of China 东北
on/in/at the corner(角)
A of B
A of B (B的A)
例句：The enemy of enemy is my friend. (敌人的敌人就是朋友)
听力技巧: 题目：The join the center, you need to book an instructor’s A …
听力原文: 听到of, 迅速回找of前为答案， A(答案) of instructor (听力定位词).
数词
first/second/third/fourth/fifth/sixth/seventh/eighth/ninth/tenth
2/5 = two fifths one third
标点符号
句号: 语法上的结束，并不是语义上的结束
% – percent
2% – two percent the percentage of sth(…的百分比)
分号；表示语义无结束，首字母仍大写，一般是用于想保持语义的连续时用